THE GRADUAL EVOLUTION OF ISLAMIC TEACHINGS FROM PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIA TO THE MADANI PERIOD: A LITERARY AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PROPHETIC TRADITIONS

Abstract

The article critically examines misconceptions about pre-Islamic Arab society and the gradual evolution of Islamic teachings. It highlights that Allah's favor upon humanity was manifested by sending Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, who came from the noblest lineage and was placed in Makkah — a city blessed with strategic, geographical, and economic significance, chosen long before his birth. The Prophet ﷺ’s ancestry, known for honor and virtue, was essential in a society where leadership was linked to noble lineage.

Pre-Islamic Arabia, while often portrayed as morally bankrupt, did possess remnants of the Abrahamic tradition, preserved by a few monotheists who rejected idolatry and vice. Influences from Persia, Rome, and other civilizations shaped Arabian culture through trade. The article also corrects the misconception that Islam emerged abruptly; rather, it evolved gradually through successive prophets, culminating in Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The Qur'an repeatedly references earlier prophets, urging Muslims to follow their guidance.

Another misconception addressed is that Islam’s complete legal system was established in Makkah. In reality, only core beliefs and prayers were introduced then. Other pillars  fasting, zakāh, and ḥajj  were formalized later in Madinah. Classical scholars noted that Makkan revelations focused on theology and ethics, while legal rulings appeared in the Madinan period, a view recorded by figures like Imam al-Zarkashī. This understanding contextualizes hadith like "Islam is built on five pillars" and underscores the wisdom in Islam’s gradual legislative evolution, tailored to social readiness and divine planning.

The text traces the evolution of Islamic practices like fasting, charity, Hajj, and social dealings. It describes tahannuth, a pre-Islamic tradition of seclusion and worship, which Prophet Muhammad ﷺ practiced before prophethood. Fasting in Ramadan gained significance in Makkah, while ‘Ashura fasting predated Islam and remained Sunnah after Ramadan’s obligation. Hajj’s origins link to Prophet Ibrahim (A.S.), with rituals like tawaf and talbiyah preserved. The Qur'an progressively revealed Hajj’s rulings. Islam emphasized ethical mu’amalat (social dealings), reforming pre-Islamic practices and organizing them into five legal categories, connecting worldly affairs to faith, character, and community welfare.