FEDERALISM IN PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES TO PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY

Abstract

Pakistan’s federal system has struggled to balance provincial autonomy with centralized governance, leading to persistent tensions, particularly in ethnically diverse regions like Sindh. This study examines the structural, political, and administrative challenges undermining federalism and its impact on democracy. Using qualitative methods, including document analysis and case studies, the research explores key issues such as the National Finance Commission (NFC) Award, the 18th Amendment, and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). It also assesses disparities in resource allocation across agriculture, industry, energy, and education sectors, alongside sectarian violence. The findings suggest that while federalism remains crucial for democratic stability, ethnic nationalism, fiscal imbalances, and weak inter-provincial coordination hinder its effectiveness. The study concludes with policy recommendations for strengthening federalism, ensuring equitable resource distribution, and fostering national integration.