تصوراتِ بیدل و تصوفِ ہندی-فارسی روایت: اسلامی توحید اور فلسفیانہ وحدت الوجود کی جدلیات

The Concepts of Bedil and the Indo-Persian Sufi Tradition: A Jurisprudential and Hadith-Based Analysis of the Dialectics Between Islamic Tawḥīd and Philosophical Waḥdat al-Wujūd

Abstract

This research explores the intricate relationship between Islamic Tawḥīd (the doctrine of Divine Unity) and philosophical Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Being) within the intellectual and spiritual framework of the Indo-Persian Sufi tradition, with a particular focus on the metaphysical concepts of ʿAbd al-Qādir Bēdil of Delhi. By examining the interplay between classical Islamic theology, jurisprudence, and ḥadīth sciences, this study analyzes how Bedil’s mystical poetry both aligns with and diverges from orthodox Islamic monotheism. The paper adopts a comparative analytical approach to assess the influence of Persian and Indian metaphysical thought on Sufi epistemology, highlighting the dynamic tension between rational theology (ʿilm al-kalām) and experiential mysticism (taṣawwuf). It further investigates the implications of these conceptual divergences for the understanding of sharīʿah and ḥaqīqah, presenting a nuanced critique of pantheistic tendencies within Sufi hermeneutics.