FEDERALISM IN PAKISTAN: THE POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL CRISIS IN BALOCHISTAN (1947-2005)

Abstract

This research explores the “Federalism and the Political Crisis of Balochistan (1947-2005): Center-Province Relations and the Struggle for Provincial Autonomy”. Federalism entails the division of political authority between national and regional governments, with the central government overseeing broader governance while provinces manage local affairs. However, Pakistan has struggled with the issue of federalism since its inception, adopting a highly centralized system that has marginalized its federating units. Provinces, particularly Balochistan, have long struggled against the lack of provincial autonomy, making center-province relations contentious. The study critically analyzes the structural imbalance in Pakistan’s federal system, where centralization has led to political deprivation among Baloch nationalists, adding resistance movements. The research explores Balochistan’s historical and political trajectory, examining causes of instability, ethno-nationalist movements, and federal responses to provincial demands. It also evaluates political and military strategies used by the state to address Baloch grievances. This research is significant in understanding federalism’s challenges in multi-ethnic states. Balochistan’s struggle for political rights highlights the broader implications of centralization on regional stability. This study is based on qualitative methods which draws from historical records, government documents, scholarly works, and primary sources such as speeches and policy statements. Findings reveal that the denial of provincial autonomy, economic marginalization, and military interventions have exacerbated tensions, leading to armed resistance and instability. The study concludes that an inclusive federal structure, emphasizing equitable power-sharing and regional representation, is essential for long-term political stability in Pakistan.