THE EVOLUTION OF DOWRY PRACTICES IN PUNJABI CULTURE: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS FROM TRADITION TO MODERNITY

Abstract

Dowry (*Jahez*) remains a deeply entrenched social issue in Punjab, Pakistan, despite legal prohibitions under the *Dowry and Bridal Gifts (Restriction) Act, 2016. This paper examines the historical evolution of dowry practices, their socio-economic drivers, and the failure of policy implementation. Through case studies and legal analysis, it highlights systemic gaps—corruption, patriarchal norms, and lack of public awareness—that perpetuate dowry-related exploitation. The study argues for a multi-faceted solution: stricter enforcement via digital registries, community engagement with religious leaders to promote *Haq Mehr*, and fast-track courts for victims. By aligning legal frameworks with cultural and Islamic principles, Punjab can curb this harmful practice and advance gender justice. This paper examines the historical evolution of dowry practices in Punjabi culture, from their traditional roots to their modern manifestations as a tool of gendered oppression. It analyzes why anti-dowry laws—including the 1967 display ban and subsequent amendments—have failed to achieve meaningful change, despite Pakistan's constitutional commitments to gender equality and Islamic principles that expressly forbid coercive marriage payments. Through case studies of dowry-related violence and policy analysis, the study highlights critical gaps in implementation, including police apathy, lack of public awareness, and the influence of patriarchal power structures that treat dowry disputes as "family matters" rather than crimes. The research argues that effective reform requires more than legislative changes—it demands a comprehensive approach combining stricter enforcement mechanisms, community-based awareness campaigns, and economic empowerment initiatives for women. By investigating the intersection of cultural norms, legal frameworks, and governance challenges, this study contributes to ongoing policy debates about how to eradicate dowry practices while respecting Punjab's social fabric. The findings aim to inform more effective interventions that align Pakistan's progressive laws with ground realities, ultimately protecting women's rights and promoting equitable marital customs in line with Islamic teachings on marriage.