PARENTAL RESISTANCE TO VACCINATION IN KPK: A LITERATURE-BASED INVESTIGATION

Abstract

This qualitative literature-based review explores the persistent parental resistance to polio vaccination in Pakistan, with a focus on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa—one of the last remaining regions affected by poliovirus despite extensive eradication efforts. Research shows that while programs like the Expanded program on Immunization (EPI), WHO, and UNICEF have significantly advanced vaccination coverage, parental hesitancy remains high. Studies identify five recurring themes influencing resistance: religious and cultural beliefs, distrust in government and healthcare systems, widespread misinformation and conspiracy theories, influence of family and community leaders, and fears about vaccine side effects. Parents, particularly fathers as primary decision-makers, often perceive polio campaigns as foreign agendas fueled by fertility myths and religious narratives. Mothers express concern but typically defer to paternal authority. Literature also highlights the lack of culturally sensitive health education and ineffective outreach as critical gaps. Social media further amplifies vaccine misinformation, deepening public mistrust. The review emphasizes the importance of adopting gender-sensitive approaches that engage both men and women through trusted local figures. Building community trust, training healthcare workers, and ensuring culturally relevant messaging are essential to improving vaccine acceptance and addressing deep-rooted resistance in polio-endemic regions like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.