GENDERED BARRIERS IN ACCESSING CNICS: A STUDY OF WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES WITH NADRA SERVICES

Abstract

This study examines the gendered barriers affecting women’s access to Computerized National Identity Cards (CNICs) in District Okara, Pakistan. Legal identity is a fundamental requirement for accessing social, economic, and political rights; however, a significant number of women remain excluded from identity systems due to multiple constraints. The study aims to explore the socio-cultural, institutional, and awareness-related factors that influence women’s access to CNICs. A quantitative-method research design was adopted to achieve the objectives of the study. Quantitative data was collected from 500 women respondents using a structured questionnaire. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. The findings reveal that women’s access to CNICs is influenced by a combination of interrelated barriers. Socio-cultural factors, such as mobility restrictions, patriarchal norms, and dependency on male family members, significantly limit women’s ability to access registration services. Institutional barriers, including transportation difficulties, procedural complexity, and lack of gender-sensitive services, further constrain access. In addition, awareness-related barriers, such as limited knowledge about the importance and procedures of CNIC registration, reduce women’s engagement with identity systems. The study also highlights the interconnected nature of these barriers, demonstrating that they collectively contribute to moderate levels of access rather than full inclusion. While a majority of women possess CNICs, a substantial proportion remains excluded, indicating that universal access has not yet been achieved. Based on these findings, the study recommends the implementation of gender-sensitive policies, expansion of mobile registration services, simplification of procedures, and targeted awareness campaigns. It also emphasizes the need for broader social change to address deeply rooted cultural norms that restrict women’s autonomy. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a localized and mixed-method analysis of gendered access to legal identity in Pakistan. It offers practical insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to promote inclusive identity systems and gender equality.