FRAGMENTED MEMORY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REALISM IN ANNE MICHAELS’ HELD

Abstract

This study examines the representation of fragmented memory and psychological realism in Held through a close textual analysis. Drawing on trauma theory and memory studies, the research explores how the novel disrupts linear narrative structure to reflect the disjointed nature of traumatic experience. The findings reveal that Michaels uses non-linear temporality, repetition, and symbolic imagery to portray memory as unstable and associative rather than coherent. At the same time, psychological realism is achieved through deep interiority, embodied experience, and the limitations of language in expressing trauma. The analysis further shows that fragmented memory plays a significant role in shaping identity, particularly through intergenerational transmission and emotional connections. Despite its focus on loss and disruption, the novel also highlights the potential of memory as a means of witnessing and partial healing. The study argues that Held offers a powerful literary representation of trauma by combining innovative narrative techniques with profound psychological insight.