THE PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY AND REFORM IN PAKISTAN: AN ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

This article critically examines the persistent educational inequalities in Pakistan and analyzes the structural, administrative, and socio-cultural barriers that hinder equitable access and quality learning. Drawing upon national statistics and global reports, the study highlights challenges such as gender disparity, rural-urban divides, outdated curriculum, low public investment, and weak governance. It explores how these factors contribute to exclusion, learning poverty, and regional disparities. The paper also proposes evidence-based reforms including curriculum innovation, teacher training, budget restructuring, and promotion of technical education. Emphasis is placed on inclusive strategies and community engagement to ensure long-term improvement. The analysis suggests that addressing these issues is essential for national development, gender equity, and the fulfillment of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4).